TABLE OF CONTENTS
From the Editor.................................. iii
Introduction..................................3
Symbols..................................7
Geodetic Points..................................7
Population Centers..................................7
Industrial, Agricultural, and Socio-cultural Facilities..................................17
Railroads..................................20
Paved and Dirt Roads, Paths..................................21
Hydrography..................................23
Topography..................................30
Vegetation and Soils..................................32
Borders..................................39
Samples of Typefaces Used in Captions..................................40
Color Scales of Inks Used for Printing 6-Color Topographic Maps..................................45
Color scales of Inks Used for Printing 4-Color Topographic Maps..................................46
Explanations of the Use of Symbols and Typefaces for Captions in the Formatting of
Original Maps..................................47
Cities, Towns, and Other Population Centers..................................48
Industrial, Agricultural, and Socio-cultural Facilities..................................51
Railroads..................................56
Paved and Dirt Roads, Paths..................................58
Hydrography..................................61
Topography..................................69
Vegetation and Soils..................................71
Borders..................................76
Samples of Typefaces Used in Captions..................................77
Color Scales of Inks Used for Printing Topographic Maps..................................78
Examples of Frame Formatting..................................79
List of Abbreviations for Captions on Topographic Maps..................................82
Explanatory Words--Alphabetically by English Translation)..................................82
Explanatory Words--Alphabetically by Original Caption (in Cyrillic)..................................95
Names of Political-Administrative and Administrative Units..................................108
Examples of Frame Formatting..................................115
Example of Frame Formatting at Scale 1:25,000..................................115
Example of Frame Formatting at Scale 1:50,000..................................116
Example of Frame Formatting at Scale 1:100,000 (variant 1)..................................117
Example of Frame Formatting at Scale 1:100,000 (variant 2)..................................118
FOREWORD
The present work, Symbols for Topographic Maps of Scales 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:100,000, is a complete, cover-to-cover translation of the Soviet military manual Условные знаки для топографических карт маштабов 1:25, 000, 1:50, 000, 1:100,000. This manual was originally published in 1983 by the Military-Topographic Directorate of the General Staff of the USSR Ministry of Defense. As of 1997 it is still, however, in force in the Russian Federation for both military and civilian agencies, and no replacement edition is planned for the foreseeable future. Therefore this work represents the standard manual for topographic map symbols for maps of the aforementioned scales.
In designing and coordinating the English-language translation, the editor has tried to stay as close to the format of the original Russian document as possible. The most significant divergence is in the physical size of the translated work, which has been increased to 8.5 by 11 inches from the original approximately 6 by 9 inches (i.e., by approximately 40 percent). This was done primarily to allow the 40 color map symbols plates to be easier to read. Users should therefore keep in mind that the symbols, captions and typefaces appearing in this work are somewhat larger than those which appear on the actual topographic maps themselves. (The samples of frame formatting, however, are reproduced at exactly the same size as in the original Russian-language document.)
In the case of captions, the editor has chosen to represent them in the original Russian (Cyrillic characters) whenever possible, with appropriate transliteration and translation assistance to the reader. It was deemed critically important to display captions in the original Russian, since in fact this is what the user will be seeing when viewing original Russian-produced topographic maps. As such, a pure transliteration approach to captions would have been of little use to the user in the field.
Where transliteration has taken place, the editor has adhered to the system adopted by the Board of Geographic Names.
The editor would like to thank a number of key people at the U.S. Department of Defense's National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) for their support in the production of this translation. All of us at East View Cartographic greatly appreciate NIMA's decision to underwrite much of the production cost of this project.
On the production side, the editor wishes to express his deep appreciation to a number of individuals. Thanks goes first of all to Paul Gallagher of PBG Translations, who is responsible for most of the narrative text. Additional translation was provided by Len Hoffman, Catherine Skramstad and the editor. Keylining of the color symbols plates was provided by Catherine Skramstad, with additional layout and design by Vladimir Frangulov and Jennifer Devine. Printing services were provided by Mark Stratman of Sang Froid Press.
Although great care has been given to preparing this translation project with utmost accuracy, translation itself is an art and by its nature often quite subjective. Nevertheless, any mistakes or inaccuracies in translation or other production work are solely the fault and responsibility of the editor, who welcomes all critical commentary to this work.
Kent D. Lee
June 1997